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Данное методическое пособие предназначено для студентов I курса заочного отделения» (степень «бакалавр»).
Пособие состоит из четырех частей: введения, двух контрольных заданий, текстов для дополнительного чтения, краткого грамматического справочника. В конце пособия также представлен список литературы для самостоятельного изучения.
Каждому контрольному заданию предшествует образец ее выполнения.
Текстовый материал заимствован из оригинальной литературы и интернет сайтов на английском языке и дает представление об истории, географическом положении, культуре разных стран, а также о профессиональной деятельности известных кутюрье и моделей. Тексты подобраны таким образом, чтобы дать вариантность последовательного повторения, тренировки лексических тем по специальности и основных грамматических тем.
Предлагаемый грамматический справочник преследует чисто практическую цель — научить студентов узнавать в тексте определенные грамматические явления и давать возможные приемы их перевода.
До выполнения первой контрольной работы необходимо изучить методические указания, которые предшествуют контрольной работе, ознакомиться с требованиями, предъявляемыми к технической стороне ее выполнения и оформления.
Далее следует ознакомиться с перечнем грамматических тем, на основе которых составлены контрольные работы, найти и внимательно изучить их в разделе «Грамматический справочник», который находится в конце данного пособия. В качестве дополнительного материала рекомендуется приобрести или взять в библиотеке любой учебник грамматики английского языка. Систематическое изложение в нем грамматических тем позволяет легко отыскать необходимый материал по оглавлению.
САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА
Помимо выполнения контрольных заданий в программу курса английского языка входит раздел «Самостоятельная работа». Она предполагает, что кроме знания грамматического материала и знания текста своего варианта контрольной работы, следует также уметь переводить тексты остальных вариантов данного контрольного задания и отвечать на вопросы преподавателей по текстам, приведенным в разделе «Тексты для дополнительного чтения к контрольным заданиям №№ 1, 2» данного пособия. Проверка знаний этих текстов и материалов текстов осуществляется на занятиях зачетной и экзаменационной сессий.
ПОДГОТОВКА К ЗАЧЕТУ И ЭКЗАМЕНУ
При подготовке к зачетам и экзаменам рекомендуется: а) повторно проработать наиболее сложный грамматический материал; б) просмотреть материал выполненных контрольных работ; в) выполнить задания тестов для самопроверки; г) просмотреть задания других вариантов тех же контрольных работ.
КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 1
Для того чтобы выполнить задание № 1, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка, приведенные в конце данного методического указания.
1. Имя существительное. Множественное число. Артикли и предлоги как показатели имени существительного. Падежные окончания в английском языке (с помощью предлогов и окончания –s).
2. Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения имен прилагательных. Конструкции типа the more … the less.
3. Числительные.
4. Местоимения: личные, притяжательные, вопросительные, указательные.
5. Видо-временные формы глагола: а) активный залог – формы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future); формы Continuous (Present, Past, Future); формы Perfect (Present, Past, Future); б) пассивный залог – формы Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect (Present, Past, Future). Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на русский язык.
6. Модальные глаголы: а) модальные глаголы, выражающие возможность: can (could), may и эквивалент глагола can – to be able; б) модальные глаголы, выражающие долженствование: must, его эквиваленты to have to и to be to; should.
7. Простое распространенное предложение: прямой порядок слов повествовательного и побудительного предложений в утвердительной и отрицательной формах; обратный порядок слов вопросительного предложения. Оборот there is (are).
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s, подчеркните их, выпишите и укажите, какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
The Earth’s surface looks wonderful Поверхность Земли превосходно
from space. выглядит из космоса.
the Earth’s – притяжательный падеж имени существительного;
looks – 3-е лицо ед.числа от глагола to look.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения и переведите их на русский язык.
1. The book is far more interesting Книга гораздо более интересна,
than the film. чем фильм.
2. The faster I write my textbook, Чем раньше я напишу свой
the sooner the students can work учебник, тем скорее студенты
with it. смогут работать по нему.
3. London is one of the most Лондон – один из самых важных
important cities of the world. городов мира.
1. They bought a house three Они купили дом три года назад.
years ago.
bought – Past Indefinite Active от глагола to buy.
2. In the mid-sixteenth the gown В середине шестнадцатого века
was ornamented with jeweled платье было украшено вышивкой
embroideries. с драгоценными камнями.
1. Most of the streets are narrow in the City.
2. In the East End today there are miles and miles of docks and the great industrial areas that depend upon shipping.
3. St. Paul’s Cathedral, one of Sir Christopher Wren’s greatest churches, was designed and built in 1710.
1. His poems are more popular than his novels.
2. This book is far more interesting than that one.
3. Shakespeare is the most prominent English poet and playwright of all the ages.
1. It will be of great use for you to know a few facts about the capital of the country whose language you are studying.
2. Christian Dior was selling sketches at the beginning of his design career.
3. Klein has received many rewards for his work and contribution to fashion.
4. More services are being made available in the larger cities because of increased interest in sewing.
5. Clothing is influenced by physical environment.
1. McQueen could produce six shows a year.
2. His assistants had to transform his ideas into wearable garments.
3. One should remember that after Versace’s murder his sister has become the new head of the design.
4. The new collection of his works may be seen in Milan.
5. The pencil skirt is a perennial favourite too, and you don’t have to be extremely thin to wear it.
1. London is the capital of Great Britain and one of the biggest cities in Europe.
2. It stretches for nearly 30 miles from north to south and for nearly 30 miles from east to west. This is the area known as "Greater London" with a population of about 12 million people. London is very attractive for tourists. It's very old and full of historical places, full of customs and traditions. Englishmen themselves are a mixture of past and present, of the old-fashioned and the very modern.
3. The river Thames flows from west to east and divides London into two parts. The historical centre of London is the City, the heart of the business and financial life of the country. It is a very small part of London, only one square mile in area but it is one of the busiest parts of the capital. There are a lot of high office buildings and all business firms here. And the famous Bank of England is also situated in this part of London. The most striking building in the City today is St. Paul's Cathedral designed by Sir Christopher Wren, a famous English architect of the 17th century.
4. About two miles westward is another part of London called the West End. Here you will see Westminster Abbey, at which coronations of all British kings and queens take place. It dates back to 1049. Many famous people are buried in the Abbey, among them Newton, Darwin, Dickens and Kipling. Across the road from Westminster Abbey are the Houses of Parliament with its famous Big Ben, a huge tower clock and also the bell inside this tower built just over a century ago. Further west there are a lot of finest theatres, cinemas, and concert halls, large museums, hotels, restaurants, the most famous shops and numerous parks. That is the part where the rich people live.
5. To the east of the City is the Port of London. Here, today, are miles and miles of docks and the great industrial areas that depend upon shipping. This is the East End of London, unattractive in appearance, but very important to the country's commerce. The streets, here, are narrow and dirty, the houses are overcrowded. That is the world of poverty, unemployment and disease.
6. The number of bridges across the river usually greatly surprises visitors. The capital has 14 bridges; the famous London Bridge is the biggest among them.
ВАРИАНТ 2
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s, подчеркните их, выпишите и укажите, какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
a) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа в Present Indefinite;
b) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
c) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Thousands of tons of goods are loaded and unloaded in the Port of London daily.
2. The Avon River runs through a small country town Stratford where the greatest English poet William Shakespeare was born.
3. My sister’s son studies very well.
1. She looks like her mother but I think she is even more beautiful.
2. The best way to know a person is to have a deal with him.
3. The Underground is the quickest way to get about modern large cities.
1. The weather was good, and we and our friends went to the park.
2. Twice he was named British Designer of the Year – in 1996 and 1997 – and then, at 27, he was poached to be a chief designer for Givenchy in Paris.
3. Therefore, a chapter has been devoted to modelling a bodice and skirt on a dress stand.
4. Since the early days of its business in 1978, the Versace group had licensed the production of men`s and women`s apparel.
5. After Versace’s death the Versace family is quoted, “business will continue as planned.”
1. Fabric behaviour must be studied in relation to the body.
2. Women should look through fashion magazines as often as possible.
3. In the late 1970s/1980s Klein might introduce his new concept.
4. In the early days his mother had to support the family with her small tailor-shop.
5. Ferre is to be replaced by the end of 1996.
1. The quickest way to get about modern London is the Underground. It seems that everyone in the London Underground is always in a hurry. Men and women fast, carrying their bags, umbrellas and newspapers. They are busy Londoners, they are saving time.
2. It was the year 1863 and on one historic day 30,000 Londoners used a new and strange mode of travel — the first underground railway in the world. The first train covered the distance of almost four miles.
3. At first the carriages were "blind" and the trains were cable operated.1 Then came "Twopenny Tube" 2 which had small electric trains. The price of tickets was two pennies for any distance. Now there are different trains going in many different directions. There is the Old Tube across the centre with many and frequent stops and there are trains going out to the suburbs and stopping at a very few stations on the way. And there are the non-express trains going a very long way out into the country. The fares are all different and even the carriages are not alike.
4. Safety has always been one of the main concerns of' London Transport. In spite of the fact that trains often follow each other within seconds it has been claimed that the London Tube is the safest form of transport. Automatic signalling worked by electric circuit is operated by the trains themselves. A programme machine controls routes: any changes are made automatically with great speed.
Notes
1. cable operated — двигались по кабелю
2. Tube — метрополитен (в Лондоне); "Twopenny Tube" — двух-пенсовая подземка
ВАРИАНТ 3
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s, подчеркните их, выпишите и укажите, какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
a) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа в Present Indefinite;
b) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
c) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The exhibitions of the students’ works attract leading teachers and art critics.
2. The museum in South London tells the story of public transport in Britain.
3. Newspapers in Great Britain vary greatly in their ways of presenting news.
1. The Present Shakespeare Memorial Theatre is one of the most comfortable and best equipped in the world.
2. The more you practice your English, the faster you’ll learn.
3. This picture made the most favourable impression on me.
1. It usually takes me about thirty minutes to get back home.
2. He is celebrating his 40th anniversary as a couturier.
3. Many of designers were influenced by Versace’s fashion line.
4. Fashion sewing is being looked upon in industry as a movement, not as a fad.
5. By the 1970s, Klein’s sportswear line had expanded to include women’s apparel, and a whole ready-to-wear line.
1. Since childhood Calvin Klein had been interested in fashion and could sketch and sew.
2. He may be called a true artist.
3. Some items of his collections are like art and they should be hang up in a frame.
4. Being the sixth child of an East End taxi driver Alexander McQueen had to work much.
5. Modern garments have to cater to the contemporary woman.
There are many museums in London. One of the most famous is the British Museum. Built in the middle of the 19th century, it is situated in Bloomsbury, a district in central London. It is an immense, light-grey building, like a Greek temple.
For a long time it was a great library, one of the largest in the world, with something like 5 or 6 million books. By law a copy of every book, pamphlet, periodical including maps and music published in Britain had to be kept at the British Museum.
During the Second World War, the Reading-Room was badly damaged, over 150,000 volumes perished in flames caused by nazi bombs.
Besides, the British Museum is a great scientific institution, it is also generally known as Natural History Museum.
Lastly the British Museum has a wonderful art gallery. It has unique collections of sculpture, ceramics, drawings, and paintings of the Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Chinese, Japanese, Indians, and many other peoples.
It has unique collections of Italian drawings (Leonardo da Vinci), English and French prints, and so on,1 and so on.
The British Museum is the most important place of archaeological study in the world, with unique prehistoric collections.
The finest collection of Greek and Chinese art is not in Athens and Peking.
Notes
and so on — и так далее
ВАРИАНТ 4
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s, подчеркните их, выпишите и укажите, какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
a) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа в Present Indefinite;
b) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
c) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The exhibition at the Royal Academy of Arts remains open for three and a half months and the majority of the works are for sale.
2. My brother’s friends speak German fluently.
3. She always buys newspapers in the evening.
1. I still feel tired but I felt a lot more tired yesterday.
2. His brother is the most talented person I have seen.
3. Volley-ball is popular but basketball is more popular in the USA.
1. Most designers are making clothes for girls with stick bodies who are flat-chested.
2. One of Saint Laurent`s fashion shows were followed by broadcasting his haute couture show live on the Internet.
3. After much talk about possible successors of Ferré, it has been confirmed in October 1996, that John Galliano will take his place as chief designer for Dior.
4. This image is created by changing fashions.
5. The fashion world was beginning to recognize the talent behind the simple yet sophisticated coat line of Klein.
1. The Duke was to become the next King of France.
2. Klein`s sportswear line had expended and he could include women`s apparel and a whole ready-to-wear line.
3. Now women all over the world may see his collections.
4. McQueen is sure that he should use shock tactics to capture attention of the audience.
5. They didn’t think that only men had to be powerful and strong.
1. London is famous not only for its museums but also for its Art Galleries. The Tate Gallery and National Gallery are among them.
2. The idea of the Tate Gallery took shape * in 1890. In that year Henry Tate's gift of sixty-five paintings and two sculptures was offered to the nation, but a gallery had still to be built to house them. When opened seven years later the Tate Gallery consisted of eight rooms. Since that time the collection has been greatly enlarged. It has become the national collection of British painting of all periods, and in addition to this the national collection of modern foreign paintings, and the national collection of modern sculpture both British and foreign. At present the collection contains over four thousand British paintings and drawings (by J. M. W. Turner, H. Moore and many others), over three hundred and fifty modern foreign paintings, etc.
3. The eight original galleries built by Tate have now become thirty-four, including Sculpture Gallery, and the Tate is now the largest picture gallery in the British Commonwealth.
4. If you stand today in Trafalgar Square with your back to the Nelson Column you will see a wide horizontal front in a classical style: the National Gallery. It has been in this building since 1838.
5. The national picture gallery is comparatively young, younger than the great galleries in Rome, Paris and so on.
6. An interesting fact is that in 1777 one of the greatest private collections of pictures was offered for sale. Some of the members of Parliament suggested this collection to be bought for the Nation and a special gallery for it to be built near the British Museum. But this suggestion found no support in the House of Commons and the wonderful pictures were brought to Russia. They are in the Gallery of Hermitage in Saint Petersburg. Now one can admire a great number of pictures by great British painters Hogarth, Constable, Turner, the portraits by Gainsborough, Reynolds who became famous the world over as well as the world's greatest masters—Michel Angelo, Raphael, Rembrandt, Holbein, Goya and many others. All great schools of painting are represented here: Italian, Spanish, etc.
Note
* to take shape – воплотиться
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